Even in non-Th2 allergies, IL-17 induces airway epithelial cells to produce chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL8 to promote neutrophil recruitment while stimulating fibroblasts and macrophages to secrete cytokines such as GM-CSF, TNF, IL-1, IL-8, and IL-6 to enhance inflammatory responses [61, 66, 67]. Here, TNF is linked to allergic disease.