Takada et al. demonstrated that supplementation with probiotics improved progression-free survival (HR = 1.73, p = 0.0229), disease control (OR = 0.51, p = 0.0004), and overall response (OR = 0.43, p < 0.0001) in NSCLC patients receiving anti-programmed cell death 1 protein (anti-PD-1) monotherapy [300]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.