FIS1 and myocardial infarction: Also in experiments with myocardial ischemic in rodents, VNS restored mitochondrial dynamics through regulation of Drp1, Fis-1, OPA1 and Mfn1/2; enhanced ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential; reduced MPTP opening, and improved mitochondrial ultrastructure and size, suggesting that VNS has therapeutic roles in reducing myocardial infarction, ameliorating cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and moderating cardiac dysfunction (Xue et al., 2017).