CSF2 and neoplasm: Tumor cell glycolysis promotes liver-enriched activator protein (LAP) expression via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-ULK1 and autophagic pathways that mediate G-CSF and GM-CSF production to promote the immunosuppressive effects of MDSCs [49].GM-CSF also activates the transcription factor STAT5 in PMN-MDSCs to increase the expression of fatty acid transporter 2 (FATP2), which mediates the uptake of arachidonic acid (AA) and the synthesis of PGE2 to exert its immunosuppressive effects [50].