TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Finally, we analysed the gene expression of TNF-α and IL-6, two pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease [69], opposed to IL-10, known for its immune-suppressive role in inflammatory bowel disease [70], and to IL-22, which triggers regeneration after intestinal injuries [71] and preserves the intestinal epithelial integrity [72].