TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: For example, there has been many similar results reported, in breast cancer, hepatic carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, skin cancer and malignant glioma, TGF-β1 can improve renewal ability of CSC and sustain the basic function of CSC by different mechanisms (Claudia et al. 2016); especially in breast cancer, TGF-β1 can act synergistically with WNT signaling pathway to induce EMT and sustain mesenchymal phenotype and CSC state.