Our study population must have been old enough to present with a decreased infection of Aa and an increased infection of Pg. However, contrary to the previous reports, we found that most patients with RA and PMR had relatively low titers of anti-Pg antibodies and relatively high titers of anti-Aa antibodies (Tables 2, 3, 4)35,48,49. This evidence concerns the gene JUP and rheumatoid arthritis.