The potential effect of these non-spike mutations on viral transmissibility and pathogenicity is worthy of further study.32 For example, although the S protein of BA.3 could mediate vaccine immune evasion and cell entry comparable to that of BA.1 or BA.2,33 few BA.3 infection cases have been reported, possibly because of the non-spike mutations which result in the limited spread of BA.3. Here, PROS1 is linked to infection.