Overall, our results suggest that UPODs may be generally targeted by sHsps in collaboration with Hsp70 to modulate the formation of UPODs and refold IFPs, consistent with the effects of HSPB1 and Hsp70 on SOD1 phase separation and ALS progression (Patel et al., 2005; Sharp et al., 2008; Yerbury et al., 2013). Here, SOD1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.