Among the 22 significantly upregulated pathways in the AAN group, pathways such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), P53 pathway, and TNF-α signaling via NF-κB, apoptosis, and IFN-γ response have been reported to correlate with renal epithelial cell damage or fibrosis, leading to classic kidney injury model formation and development (37–41). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Balkan nephropathy.