Recent studies have reported that CCL2 plays a role in shaping the TME and influencing cancer progression and even drug resistance, due to its effect on TAM polarization.11 12 However, there was also a controversy as to whether CCL2 contributed to educating the macrophages to the M2-like phenotype or M1-like phenotype, and that may differ between diseases and cancer types.13–15 In most types of cancers, such as breast16 and esophageal cancers,17 CCL2 induces TAMs to undergo M2-like phenotypic transformation. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and cancer.