CD40LG and systemic lupus erythematosus: The ApoE−/−Fas−/− mice displayed the hallmarks of lupus, including high titers of anti-dsDNA antibodies, proteinuria, creatinine, and increased IgG and IgM in serum, which resembled prominent features of human SLE (Fig. 1E–H, Additional file 1: Fig. S2C).