Immunohistochemistry for periostin was performed to determine whether (1) periostin overexpression in cancer cells and/or stroma surrounding cancer is a common finding in invasive UTUCs, (2) the status of periostin expression is correlated with clinicopathological parameters, especially tumor budding status and histological tumor-associated immune cell status (TAICs), and (3) periostin overexpression has an impact on overall and cancer-specific survival. This evidence concerns the gene POSTN and neoplasm.