Among those cytokines, TNF-α, which is present in the cystic fluid of human ADPKD kidneys, can disrupt the localization of polycystin-2 to the plasma membrane and primary cilia through a TNF-α induced scaffold protein FIP2, to promote cyst formation in organ cultures and in Pkd2 mutant mice (Li et al., 2008). Here, PKD2 is linked to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.