We ran the COCONUT algorithm on the 17 studies selected for analysis and assessed the effect of co-normalization: (1) on patient-level GE data across studies (Figure 1 and Supplementary Figure 1); (2) at the gene level in controls and cases (Supplementary Figure 2 presenting data for CD3D); (3) for 2 genes in controls and cases, here with CLDN8 (a housekeeping gene, with minimal difference in mean GE between controls and cases and minimal overall GE variance) and CEACAM1, up-regulated during sepsis (Supplementary Figure 3). Here, CEACAM1 is linked to Sepsis.