CD8+ T cell response was markedly enhanced and tumor growth was slower in the PD-L1 genetically deficient (PD-L1−/−) mice compared with PD-L1 wild-type (wt) mice (Tang et al., 2018; Latchman et al., 2004), indicating that PD-L1−/− mice is an appropriate model for studying the mechanism of ATAE. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.