ATF3 and colorectal carcinoma: ATF3 is responsible for the induction of apoptosis in CRC cells by regulating the ERK1/2 pathway, where ginger leaves (50, 100, and 200 μg/ml for 24 and 48 h) interact with the cAMP-responsive element-binding (CREB) site and activate ATF3 (Tang et al., 2002; Hsu et al., 2005; Park et al., 2014).