Similarly, although Gli3 does not have a direct role in breast cancer, it has been found to cooperate with other genes such as androgen receptor (AR) (Lin et al., 2022), estrogen receptor (ER) (Massah et al., 2021) and Eph10A (Peng and Zhang, 2021) to promote tumorigenesis and invasive phenotypes. This evidence concerns the gene ESR1 and breast cancer.