Previous studies demonstrated that the activated TGF-β signaling pathways may suppress immune function by preventing lymphocytes from entering the tumor parenchyma, whereas specific molecular inhibitors that target TGF-β restored anti-tumor immunity by remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment (Travis and Sheppard, 2014; Larson et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.