TNF and neoplasm: In addition, growth factors and cytokines are also released by osteoblasts and bone tissue following osteoclast-mediated destruction, including bone-derived growth factors, free calcium, CXCR4, IL-11, TNF-α, matrix metalloproteinase, parathyroid hormone-related protein, RANKL, and insulin-like growth factor 1, all of which stimulate tumor growth and metastasis.