CGA itself does not affect phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3-hydroxykinase (PI3K) and insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1), but metabolites of CGA can cause the phosphorylation of PI3K and IRS-1, thereby enhancing insulin sensitivity and playing a positive role in treating type 2 diabetes (44). The gene discussed is IRS1; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.