Another study has confirmed that [20] MIP-1α can induce monocytes to produce matrix metalloproteinase 9 and TGF-β expression, while MMP-9 and TGF-β accelerate the progression of atrial fibrillation by increasing the degree of atrial fibrosis and participate in the left atrial remodeling in atrial fibrillation patients. Here, TGFB1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.