Conversely, interventions to activate autophagy, such as depletion of the transcription factor XBP1 (X‐box binding protein 1) and pharmacological modulation of HSPB8 (heat shock protein family B (small) member 8) expression in the nervous system, counteract ALS symptomatology by promoting autophagic clearance of SOD1.260, 261. The gene discussed is SOD1; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.