TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis: Currently, the pathogenic mechanisms related to desmosome dysfunction include cardiomyocyte detachment and loss (6, 7), interference to WNT/β-catenin (4, 8, 9) and Hippo/YAP signaling pathways (10–12) by nuclear-localized plakoglobins, and abnormal activation of TGF-β (7, 13, 14), PPARγ (8, 15, 16), and GSK3β (17, 18) signaling pathways, which have been found to cause fibrofatty replacements or myocardial fibrosis.