In addition to lipid-lowering using statins, potential therapeutic targets, including those targeting PCSK9/Lp(a), matrix gla-protein, soluble guanylyl cyclase, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, angiotensin II receptor, hydroxyapatite crystal formation, and RNAKL/osteoclastic activity, have been evaluated in randomized controlled trials for the treatment of CAVD. Here, LPA is linked to congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation.