Molecular pathways that are implicated in pulmonary vascular remodeling in CDH, which have been studied in humans and nitrofen rat models (11), include the retinol pathway (12), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (13), endothelin (14), Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) and Apelin (15). Here, VEGFA is linked to congenital diaphragmatic hernia.