KIF3A and primary ciliary dyskinesia: It is also important to note that whilst transgenic models of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) commonly develop hydrocephalus secondary to altered ependymal cilial function (128), and the targeted ablation of Kif3 genes, which are responsible for ciliogenesis, show severe congenital hydrocephalus in utero (129), the rates of hydrocephalus seen in humans with PCD is significantly lower (130).