While these have been shown to aid the clearance of infections, such as mouse cytomegalovirus (33), Toxoplasma gondii (23), and Clostridium difficile (54), the excess production of IFN-γ and TNFα is highly disruptive to intestinal homeostasis, inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of local epithelial cells (55, 56). Here, IFNG is linked to infection.