TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: The lack of long-term treatment options for IBD brings into question the principal role of pro-inflammatory cytokines as key drivers of the disease pathology—for example, the current gold-standard treatment is the use of TNF-α blockers (e. g., infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, and golimumab), yet while this has dramatically improved the IBD outcomes for both CD and UC patients (68), only 1 in 3 initially responded to the drug, and in 30–50% of these patients, the efficacy of treatment decreases over time (69).