Activation of inflammatory genes and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-1Rα and the neutrophil attracting cytokine IL-8, IL-10, -11, -17A, -17F, -22 and TNF (reviewed (63, 84, 184) increase the risk for atrophic gastritis and GC (174) (Figure 3B). Here, TNF is linked to gastric cancer.