Some early preclinical studies were encouraging in this regard; for example blocking TNF with golimumab reduced tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis of OSCC in a murine model of orthotopic human OSCC (279), and antagonizing TNF reduced oral cancer proliferation and cytokine production in mice with 4NQO induced oral cancer (135). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and lip and oral cavity carcinoma.