However, studies in white American (181 participants with T1D and 163 controls), Egyptian (59 participants with T1D and 65 controls) and Turkish (55 participants with T1D and 40 controls) populations showed no association between T1D and either the rs7041 or rs4588 VDBP gene polymorphisms [20, 21, 25]. This evidence concerns the gene GC and type 1 diabetes mellitus.