Similarly, prostate cancer cells educate MSCs to evolve into non-carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) phenotype TA-MSCs with increased Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), osteopontin (OPN) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels and reduced secretion of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), promoting tumor cells migration [27]. Here, SPP1 is linked to prostate cancer.