For instance, MSCs derived from normal lung tissue stimulated by TME are transformed into TA-MSCs expressing high levels of gremlin 1 (GREM1), lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), integrin α 11 (ITGA11), which promote invasion and metastasis of lung cancer cells via stromal pro-metastatic signaling [26]. Here, GREM1 is linked to lung cancer.