TGFB1 and neoplasm: Research on metastatic melanoma shows that MIF interacts with CD74 on TAMs, which triggers activation of AKT, ERK and downstream signal pathways and increases the expression of immunosuppressive factors in TAMs, including TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6, arginase-1 and PD-L1, enhancing their tumor-promoting effects [146].