NES and neoplasm: Numerous studies have confirmed that after malignant transformation, TA-MSCs acquire tumor cell characteristics, such as increased proliferation, invasion/migration and pro-angiogenesis abilities, suppression of cellular senescence, and upregulation of protein and mRNA levels of tumor-related markers (glial fibrillary acidic portein (GFAP), CD133, Nestin and c-Myc) [225–227].