To further substantiate this, we first clustered CRC tumors in the CMS3232 cohort [1] into three subgroups based on the TGFβ-Hallmark signature (low, intermediate, and high) using the k-means algorithm and subsequently performed differential gene expression analysis between TGFβ-low vs. TGFβ-high tumors (Fig. 5F). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and colorectal carcinoma.