-omics based studies have been published reporting on discriminatory features of PCa biopsy outcome to guide prostate biopsy [20, 21] Using CE–MS proteomics, a biomarker model based on 19 urinary peptides (19BM) was established with the aim to accurately detect csPCa and validated in 823 patients suspicious for PCa (reporting an AUC of 0.81, outperforming PSA and ERPSC) [13]. Here, KLK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.