Using a combination of commercial and clinical tumor samples from patients with NSCLC, SCCHN, MEL, and UC (Supplementary Table 1), AI-based assessment was highly correlated with the median score from manual assessment of PD-L1–expressing TCs by 5 pathologists (r ranging from 0.73 to 0.85) and variability fell within the range of pathologists’ scores (Supplementary Fig. 1). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.