In line with this, specific IL-10R deficiency on IECs results in goblet cell hyperplasia in the colon of adult mice.14 Altogether, the combined evidence not only shows that IL-10 signaling can modulate IEC differentiation but also raises the possibility that early-stage intestinal development is impaired in individuals with mutations in the IL-10 signaling pathway, which may lead to the phenotypes observed in VEO-IBD. This evidence concerns the gene IL10 and inflammatory bowel disease.