TNF and blood coagulation disease: Clinical and experimental data show that repeated, temporary SG blocks with procaine may regulate sympathetic-triggered neurogenic inflammation processes, via the following mechanisms: reduction of natural killer cell activity and of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a), increase of antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and of CGRP), improved endothelial function and microcirculation, and reduced coagulopathy and other pathophysiologic positive feedback loops.