TNF and diverticulitis: In summary, this study indicated that combined probiotics and amoxicillin therapy significantly inhibited acute diverticulitis, exhibiting a protective effect on the colon, which may be related to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines via IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and consequently IL-18 signaling pathway that finally reduces caspase-3 in DSS/LPS-induced acute diverticulitis in the colon tissue.