MAPK9 and inflammatory response: In this regard, our results have demonstrated that the SPA4 peptide treatment reduces the phosphorylation of p54 SAPK/JNK, p38‐MAPK, and NF‐κB‐p65 in a mouse model of acute bacterial (P. aeruginosa) lung infection (Awasthi et al., 2019), and phosphorylation of NF‐κB‐p65 in a mouse model of E. coli LPS‐induced lung inflammation (Ramani et al., 2013).