TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: In NASH, LSECs overexpress progressively adhesion molecules including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) (62), and also produce a number of pro-inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1 and chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2).