TLR4 and epilepsy: TLR4 agonists, LPS and MPL, can attenuate seizure severity in pilocarpine-induced rats with temporal lobe epilepsy (40), and pentoxifylline may represent a promising drug to inhibit epilepsy progression by targeting the HMGB1/TLR4/RAGE signaling pathway in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindling rats (41).