TGFB1 and cancer: For instance, co-culture of cancer cells with CAFs leads to the promotion of stem-cell-like properties in squamous cell carcinoma (34), cancer cells and their exosomes derived TGF-β augmented proliferation and expression of CAF markers (35), and the co-culture of pancreatic cancer cells with monocytes and fibroblasts induces the production of immunosuppressive cytokines which are known to promote polarization towards M2 like macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs) (36).