Early in the progression of T1D, disruptions to insulin secretion have been reported prior to loss of glucose homeostasis, indicating a potential role for islet dysfunction in the pathogenesis of T1D (Lo, Hawa et al., 1992; Ize-Ludlow, Lightfoot et al., 2011; Soleimanpour and Stoffers 2013). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.