TNF and chronic kidney disease: To achieve a combined tissue regeneration effect for CKD therapy, Ko's group developed a multifunctional PME/PDRN/TI-EV scaffold consisting of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (P), magnesium hydroxide (M), and porcine kidney extracellular matrix (E), which further engineered with therapeutic components polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) as well as EVs derived from tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-loaded MSCs (TI-EVs) (Figure 9D) 189.