Psychopathology before pregnancy can also impact both pregnancy and offspring outcomes; one study found that women with a history of depression (but not depression during pregnancy) showed increased levels of the immune markers IL-8, VEGF, and MCP-1 during the third trimester of pregnancy, and their children showed altered neurobehavioral responses compared to women without a history of depression (53). The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is major depressive disorder.