TNF and neoplasm: ADO also impedes macrophages-induced phagocytosis, downregulates the release of pro-inflammatory components including IL-12, TNF-α, nitric oxide, superoxide, stimulates pro-tumorigenic factors including IL-10, arginase-1 and VEGF expressed by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), and increases the expression of VEGF via A2BR and IL-10 via A2AR on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) [36–41].