Elevated levels of the former protein, are linked to insulin resistance, reduced GLUT4 translocation and glucose transport by inhibition of AKT activity; a serine/threonine kinase responsible for the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1, a direct intracellular effector of the insulin receptor) and mediator of down-stream insulin signaling58. Here, AKT1 is linked to Insulin resistance.