In melanoma patients, the combination of BrafV600E and/or MEK inhibitors with anti-PD(L)-1 antibodies has demonstrated improved efficacy in treating patients with metastatic melanoma, and MAPK pathway inhibitors (e.g., MEK inhibitor) were shown to help reverse CD8+ T-cell exclusion when combined with anti-PD-1 treatment44–49. Here, CD8A is linked to metastatic melanoma.