HRS is a key component of the ESCRT complex that mediates the sorting of PD-L1 into MVEs, from which PD-L1 can either be routed to lysosomes for degradation, which is critical to PD-L1 surface expression27,28, or to the extracellular space as exosomal PD-L1, which contributes to tumor immunosuppression15. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.