Interestingly, non-TNFα treated HK2 KO and HIF1A KO cells showed an increase in HCMV plaque formation relative to the vehicle pretreated control ntg cells, suggesting that HIF1A and HK2 may play a role in restricting HCMV infection that is independent of TNFα signaling (Fig 4L). Here, TNF is linked to cytomegalovirus infection.