TNF and cancer: When performing ORA of all the 216 upregulated genes of the 266 DEGs, we observed enrichment in KEGG pathways, such as cancer-related, TNF signaling, MAPK signaling, p53 signaling and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways (Fig. S8), within the top ten; this was coincident with our other ORA results (Fig. 5B, Fig. S4).