IL4 and infection: There were no clear alterations in serum cytokine concentrations, although some indications of mild increases in TH2-type cytokines (including IL-4 and IL-5) after exposure to maternal schistosomiasis (Supplement 4A), with only limited signs of impact from maternal PZQ-treatment, which also appeared not to discernably alter transmaternally-induced SEA-specific antibody levels nor shifts in total IgE or IgG1 antibody titers at steady state during this infection phase (Supplement 4B).