Offspring serum cytokine levels during cognate infection further reflected the milder disease progression in offspring of PZQ-treated mothers compared to other groups, showing lower levels of infection-induced CCL5 (RANTES), and indications of lower amounts of IL-13, IL-5, IL-1b, IL-10, and IL-12p40 compared to standard infection of unexposed offspring (Supplement 2B). This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and infection.