IL4 and schistosomiasis: One such important change may be the underrepresentation of CD1dhi B cells in offspring primed by live infection, with SEA-loaded cells previously shown to activate NKT cells in a CD1d-dependent manner (35) and NKT functionality recently shown to be affected by maternal schistosomiasis and associated with dampened responsiveness to immunization in a cascade involving instead lower IL-4 and reduced B cell priming, when evaluated early at the onset egg-deposition in patent infection in mothers (3).