CD4 and parasitic infectious disease: This positions PZQ-treated maternal infection as a particular priming stimulus, that may differ in effect from untreated parasite infection, generally thought to downmodulate offspring anti-parasite responses to optimize the cross talk with the next generation of potential hosts, as observed in maternal malarial infection, where active (but not treated) maternal infection enhanced IL-10+ regulatory CD4+ T cells in cord blood that inhibited parasite-specific IFN-gamma responses (34).